Extra-pelvic endometriosis is a form of endometriosis that occurs outside of the pelvic region, in organs and tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, lungs, and skin. While less common than pelvic endometriosis, extra-pelvic endometriosis can still cause significant pain, bleeding, and organ dysfunction.

The exact prevalence of extra-pelvic endometriosis is unknown, but estimates suggest that it may affect up to 10% of women with endometriosis. Diagnosis can be challenging, as symptoms may mimic those of other conditions, and imaging studies and biopsies may be needed to confirm the presence of endometrial tissue in the affected area.

Treatment for extra-pelvic endometriosis often involves a combination of medical and surgical approaches, depending on the location and extent of the disease. Hormonal therapy may be used to control symptoms and prevent the growth of endometrial tissue, while surgical excision or ablation may be needed to remove affected tissue and restore organ function.

Here are some references to support the information on extra-pelvic endometriosis:

• Zanatta, A., Mantovani, E., & Cosmi, E. (2016). Extra-pelvic endometriosis: a rare or under-diagnosed disease? A review. Minerva Ginecologica, 68(3), 292-298. PMID: 26934022
• Hudelist, G., Singer, C. F., & Keckstein, J. (2011). Treatment of extra-pelvic endometriosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1221, 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05935.x
• Luscombe, G. M., Markham, R., Templeman, C., & Keech, M. (2019). Extra-pelvic endometriosis: a systematic review. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, 26(2), 373-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2018.10.019

These references provide additional information on the diagnosis and management of extra-pelvic endometriosis, including current recommendations for treatment and potential challenges in diagnosis and management.